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#!/usr/bin/python
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# scripts/readelf.py
#
# A clone of 'readelf' in Python, based on the pyelftools library
#
# Eli Bendersky (eliben@gmail.com)
# This code is in the public domain
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import argparse
import os, sys
import string
import itertools
# Note: zip has different behaviour between Python 2.x and 3.x.
# - Using izip ensures compatibility.
try:
from itertools import izip
except:
izip = zip
# For running from development directory. It should take precedence over the
# installed pyelftools.
sys.path.insert(0, '.')
from elftools import __version__
from elftools.common.exceptions import ELFError
from elftools.common.py3compat import (
ifilter, byte2int, bytes2str, itervalues, str2bytes, iterbytes)
from elftools.elf.elffile import ELFFile
from elftools.elf.dynamic import DynamicSection, DynamicSegment
from elftools.elf.enums import ENUM_D_TAG
from elftools.elf.segments import InterpSegment
from elftools.elf.sections import NoteSection, SymbolTableSection
from elftools.elf.gnuversions import (
GNUVerSymSection, GNUVerDefSection,
GNUVerNeedSection,
)
from elftools.elf.relocation import RelocationSection
from elftools.elf.descriptions import (
describe_ei_class, describe_ei_data, describe_ei_version,
describe_ei_osabi, describe_e_type, describe_e_machine,
describe_e_version_numeric, describe_p_type, describe_p_flags,
describe_sh_type, describe_sh_flags,
describe_symbol_type, describe_symbol_bind, describe_symbol_visibility,
describe_symbol_shndx, describe_reloc_type, describe_dyn_tag,
describe_dt_flags, describe_dt_flags_1, describe_ver_flags, describe_note,
describe_attr_tag_arm
)
from elftools.elf.constants import E_FLAGS
from elftools.elf.constants import E_FLAGS_MASKS
from elftools.dwarf.dwarfinfo import DWARFInfo
from elftools.dwarf.descriptions import (
describe_reg_name, describe_attr_value, set_global_machine_arch,
describe_CFI_instructions, describe_CFI_register_rule,
describe_CFI_CFA_rule,
)
from elftools.dwarf.constants import (
DW_LNS_copy, DW_LNS_set_file, DW_LNE_define_file)
from elftools.dwarf.callframe import CIE, FDE, ZERO
class ReadElf(object):
""" display_* methods are used to emit output into the output stream
"""
def __init__(self, file, output):
""" file:
stream object with the ELF file to read
output:
output stream to write to
"""
self.elffile = ELFFile(file)
self.output = output
# Lazily initialized if a debug dump is requested
self._dwarfinfo = None
self._versioninfo = None
def display_file_header(self):
""" Display the ELF file header
"""
self._emitline('ELF Header:')
self._emit(' Magic: ')
self._emit(' '.join('%2.2x' % byte2int(b)
for b in self.elffile.e_ident_raw))
self._emitline(' ')
header = self.elffile.header
e_ident = header['e_ident']
self._emitline(' Class: %s' %
describe_ei_class(e_ident['EI_CLASS']))
self._emitline(' Data: %s' %
describe_ei_data(e_ident['EI_DATA']))
self._emitline(' Version: %s' %
describe_ei_version(e_ident['EI_VERSION']))
self._emitline(' OS/ABI: %s' %
describe_ei_osabi(e_ident['EI_OSABI']))
self._emitline(' ABI Version: %d' %
e_ident['EI_ABIVERSION'])
self._emitline(' Type: %s' %
describe_e_type(header['e_type']))
self._emitline(' Machine: %s' %
describe_e_machine(header['e_machine']))
self._emitline(' Version: %s' %
describe_e_version_numeric(header['e_version']))
self._emitline(' Entry point address: %s' %
self._format_hex(header['e_entry']))
self._emit(' Start of program headers: %s' %
header['e_phoff'])
self._emitline(' (bytes into file)')
self._emit(' Start of section headers: %s' %
header['e_shoff'])
self._emitline(' (bytes into file)')
self._emitline(' Flags: %s%s' %
(self._format_hex(header['e_flags']),
self.decode_flags(header['e_flags'])))
self._emitline(' Size of this header: %s (bytes)' %
header['e_ehsize'])
self._emitline(' Size of program headers: %s (bytes)' %
header['e_phentsize'])
self._emitline(' Number of program headers: %s' %
header['e_phnum'])
self._emitline(' Size of section headers: %s (bytes)' %
header['e_shentsize'])
self._emitline(' Number of section headers: %s' %
header['e_shnum'])
self._emitline(' Section header string table index: %s' %
header['e_shstrndx'])
def decode_flags(self, flags):
description = ""
if self.elffile['e_machine'] == "EM_ARM":
eabi = flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_EABIMASK
flags &= ~E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_EABIMASK
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_RELEXEC:
description += ', relocatable executabl'
flags &= ~E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_RELEXEC
if eabi == E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_EABI_VER5:
EF_ARM_KNOWN_FLAGS = E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_SOFT|E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD|E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_LE8|E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_BE8
description += ', Version5 EABI'
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_SOFT:
description += ", soft-float ABI"
elif flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_ABI_FLOAT_HARD:
description += ", hard-float ABI"
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_BE8:
description += ", BE8"
elif flags & E_FLAGS.EF_ARM_LE8:
description += ", LE8"
if flags & ~EF_ARM_KNOWN_FLAGS:
description += ', <unknown>'
else:
description += ', <unrecognized EABI>'
elif self.elffile['e_machine'] == "EM_MIPS":
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_NOREORDER:
description += ", noreorder"
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_PIC:
description += ", pic"
if flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_CPIC:
description += ", cpic"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ABI2):
description += ", abi2"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_32BITMODE):
description += ", 32bitmode"
if (flags & E_FLAGS_MASKS.EFM_MIPS_ABI_O32):
description += ", o32"
elif (flags & E_FLAGS_MASKS.EFM_MIPS_ABI_O64):
description += ", o64"
elif (flags & E_FLAGS_MASKS.EFM_MIPS_ABI_EABI32):
description += ", eabi32"
elif (flags & E_FLAGS_MASKS.EFM_MIPS_ABI_EABI64):
description += ", eabi64"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_1:
description += ", mips1"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_2:
description += ", mips2"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_3:
description += ", mips3"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_4:
description += ", mips4"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_5:
description += ", mips5"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_32R2:
description += ", mips32r2"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_64R2:
description += ", mips64r2"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_32:
description += ", mips32"
if (flags & E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH) == E_FLAGS.EF_MIPS_ARCH_64:
description += ", mips64"
return description
def display_program_headers(self, show_heading=True):
""" Display the ELF program headers.
If show_heading is True, displays the heading for this information
(Elf file type is...)
"""
self._emitline()
if self.elffile.num_segments() == 0:
self._emitline('There are no program headers in this file.')
return
elfheader = self.elffile.header
if show_heading:
self._emitline('Elf file type is %s' %
describe_e_type(elfheader['e_type']))
self._emitline('Entry point is %s' %
self._format_hex(elfheader['e_entry']))
# readelf weirness - why isn't e_phoff printed as hex? (for section
# headers, it is...)
self._emitline('There are %s program headers, starting at offset %s' % (
elfheader['e_phnum'], elfheader['e_phoff']))
self._emitline()
self._emitline('Program Headers:')
# Now comes the table of program headers with their attributes. Note
# that due to different formatting constraints of 32-bit and 64-bit
# addresses, there are some conditions on elfclass here.
#
# First comes the table heading
#
if self.elffile.elfclass == 32:
self._emitline(' Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr FileSiz MemSiz Flg Align')
else:
self._emitline(' Type Offset VirtAddr PhysAddr')
self._emitline(' FileSiz MemSiz Flags Align')
# Now the entries
#
for segment in self.elffile.iter_segments():
self._emit(' %-14s ' % describe_p_type(segment['p_type']))
if self.elffile.elfclass == 32:
self._emitline('%s %s %s %s %s %-3s %s' % (
self._format_hex(segment['p_offset'], fieldsize=6),
self._format_hex(segment['p_vaddr'], fullhex=True),
self._format_hex(segment['p_paddr'], fullhex=True),
self._format_hex(segment['p_filesz'], fieldsize=5),
self._format_hex(segment['p_memsz'], fieldsize=5),
describe_p_flags(segment['p_flags']),
self._format_hex(segment['p_align'])))
else: # 64
self._emitline('%s %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(segment['p_offset'], fullhex=True),
self._format_hex(segment['p_vaddr'], fullhex=True),
self._format_hex(segment['p_paddr'], fullhex=True)))
self._emitline(' %s %s %-3s %s' % (
self._format_hex(segment['p_filesz'], fullhex=True),
self._format_hex(segment['p_memsz'], fullhex=True),
describe_p_flags(segment['p_flags']),
# lead0x set to False for p_align, to mimic readelf.
# No idea why the difference from 32-bit mode :-|
self._format_hex(segment['p_align'], lead0x=False)))
if isinstance(segment, InterpSegment):
self._emitline(' [Requesting program interpreter: %s]' %
segment.get_interp_name())
# Sections to segments mapping
#
if self.elffile.num_sections() == 0:
# No sections? We're done
return
self._emitline('\n Section to Segment mapping:')
self._emitline(' Segment Sections...')
for nseg, segment in enumerate(self.elffile.iter_segments()):
self._emit(' %2.2d ' % nseg)
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if ( not section.is_null() and
segment.section_in_segment(section)):
self._emit('%s ' % section.name)
self._emitline('')
def display_section_headers(self, show_heading=True):
""" Display the ELF section headers
"""
elfheader = self.elffile.header
if show_heading:
self._emitline('There are %s section headers, starting at offset %s' % (
elfheader['e_shnum'], self._format_hex(elfheader['e_shoff'])))
if self.elffile.num_sections() == 0:
self._emitline('There are no sections in this file.')
return
self._emitline('\nSection Header%s:' % (
's' if elfheader['e_shnum'] > 1 else ''))
# Different formatting constraints of 32-bit and 64-bit addresses
#
if self.elffile.elfclass == 32:
self._emitline(' [Nr] Name Type Addr Off Size ES Flg Lk Inf Al')
else:
self._emitline(' [Nr] Name Type Address Offset')
self._emitline(' Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align')
# Now the entries
#
for nsec, section in enumerate(self.elffile.iter_sections()):
self._emit(' [%2u] %-17.17s %-15.15s ' % (
nsec, section.name, describe_sh_type(section['sh_type'])))
if self.elffile.elfclass == 32:
self._emitline('%s %s %s %s %3s %2s %3s %2s' % (
self._format_hex(section['sh_addr'], fieldsize=8, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(section['sh_offset'], fieldsize=6, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(section['sh_size'], fieldsize=6, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(section['sh_entsize'], fieldsize=2, lead0x=False),
describe_sh_flags(section['sh_flags']),
section['sh_link'], section['sh_info'],
section['sh_addralign']))
else: # 64
self._emitline(' %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(section['sh_addr'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(section['sh_offset'],
fieldsize=16 if section['sh_offset'] > 0xffffffff else 8,
lead0x=False)))
self._emitline(' %s %s %3s %2s %3s %s' % (
self._format_hex(section['sh_size'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(section['sh_entsize'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
describe_sh_flags(section['sh_flags']),
section['sh_link'], section['sh_info'],
section['sh_addralign']))
self._emitline('Key to Flags:')
self._emitline(' W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge),'
' S (strings), I (info),')
self._emitline(' L (link order), O (extra OS processing required),'
' G (group), T (TLS),')
self._emitline(' C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific),'
' E (exclude),')
self._emit(' ')
if self.elffile['e_machine'] == 'EM_ARM':
self._emit('y (purecode), ')
self._emitline('p (processor specific)')
def display_symbol_tables(self):
""" Display the symbol tables contained in the file
"""
self._init_versioninfo()
symbol_tables = [s for s in self.elffile.iter_sections()
if isinstance(s, SymbolTableSection)]
if not symbol_tables and self.elffile.num_sections() == 0:
self._emitline('')
self._emitline('Dynamic symbol information is not available for'
' displaying symbols.')
for section in symbol_tables:
if not isinstance(section, SymbolTableSection):
continue
if section['sh_entsize'] == 0:
self._emitline("\nSymbol table '%s' has a sh_entsize of zero!" % (
section.name))
continue
self._emitline("\nSymbol table '%s' contains %s entries:" % (
section.name, section.num_symbols()))
if self.elffile.elfclass == 32:
self._emitline(' Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name')
else: # 64
self._emitline(' Num: Value Size Type Bind Vis Ndx Name')
for nsym, symbol in enumerate(section.iter_symbols()):
version_info = ''
# readelf doesn't display version info for Solaris versioning
if (section['sh_type'] == 'SHT_DYNSYM' and
self._versioninfo['type'] == 'GNU'):
version = self._symbol_version(nsym)
if (version['name'] != symbol.name and
version['index'] not in ('VER_NDX_LOCAL',
'VER_NDX_GLOBAL')):
if version['filename']:
# external symbol
version_info = '@%(name)s (%(index)i)' % version
else:
# internal symbol
if version['hidden']:
version_info = '@%(name)s' % version
else:
version_info = '@@%(name)s' % version
# symbol names are truncated to 25 chars, similarly to readelf
self._emitline('%6d: %s %5d %-7s %-6s %-7s %4s %.25s%s' % (
nsym,
self._format_hex(
symbol['st_value'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
symbol['st_size'],
describe_symbol_type(symbol['st_info']['type']),
describe_symbol_bind(symbol['st_info']['bind']),
describe_symbol_visibility(symbol['st_other']['visibility']),
describe_symbol_shndx(symbol['st_shndx']),
symbol.name,
version_info))
def display_dynamic_tags(self):
""" Display the dynamic tags contained in the file
"""
has_dynamic_sections = False
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if not isinstance(section, DynamicSection):
continue
has_dynamic_sections = True
self._emitline("\nDynamic section at offset %s contains %s entries:" % (
self._format_hex(section['sh_offset']),
section.num_tags()))
self._emitline(" Tag Type Name/Value")
padding = 20 + (8 if self.elffile.elfclass == 32 else 0)
for tag in section.iter_tags():
if tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_NEEDED':
parsed = 'Shared library: [%s]' % tag.needed
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_RPATH':
parsed = 'Library rpath: [%s]' % tag.rpath
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_RUNPATH':
parsed = 'Library runpath: [%s]' % tag.runpath
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_SONAME':
parsed = 'Library soname: [%s]' % tag.soname
elif tag.entry.d_tag.endswith(('SZ', 'ENT')):
parsed = '%i (bytes)' % tag['d_val']
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_FLAGS':
parsed = describe_dt_flags(tag.entry.d_val)
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_FLAGS_1':
parsed = 'Flags: %s' % describe_dt_flags_1(tag.entry.d_val)
elif tag.entry.d_tag.endswith(('NUM', 'COUNT')):
parsed = '%i' % tag['d_val']
elif tag.entry.d_tag == 'DT_PLTREL':
s = describe_dyn_tag(tag.entry.d_val)
if s.startswith('DT_'):
s = s[3:]
parsed = '%s' % s
else:
parsed = '%#x' % tag['d_val']
self._emitline(" %s %-*s %s" % (
self._format_hex(ENUM_D_TAG.get(tag.entry.d_tag, tag.entry.d_tag),
fullhex=True, lead0x=True),
padding,
'(%s)' % (tag.entry.d_tag[3:],),
parsed))
if not has_dynamic_sections:
self._emitline("\nThere is no dynamic section in this file.")
def display_notes(self):
""" Display the notes contained in the file
"""
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if isinstance(section, NoteSection):
for note in section.iter_notes():
self._emitline("\nDisplaying notes found in: {}".format(
section.name))
self._emitline(' Owner Data size Description')
self._emitline(' %s %s\t%s' % (
note['n_name'].ljust(20),
self._format_hex(note['n_descsz'], fieldsize=8),
describe_note(note)))
def display_relocations(self):
""" Display the relocations contained in the file
"""
has_relocation_sections = False
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if not isinstance(section, RelocationSection):
continue
has_relocation_sections = True
self._emitline("\nRelocation section '%s' at offset %s contains %s entries:" % (
section.name,
self._format_hex(section['sh_offset']),
section.num_relocations()))
if section.is_RELA():
self._emitline(" Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend")
else:
self._emitline(" Offset Info Type Sym.Value Sym. Name")
# The symbol table section pointed to in sh_link
symtable = self.elffile.get_section(section['sh_link'])
for rel in section.iter_relocations():
hexwidth = 8 if self.elffile.elfclass == 32 else 12
self._emit('%s %s %-17.17s' % (
self._format_hex(rel['r_offset'],
fieldsize=hexwidth, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(rel['r_info'],
fieldsize=hexwidth, lead0x=False),
describe_reloc_type(
rel['r_info_type'], self.elffile)))
if rel['r_info_sym'] == 0:
self._emitline()
continue
symbol = symtable.get_symbol(rel['r_info_sym'])
# Some symbols have zero 'st_name', so instead what's used is
# the name of the section they point at. Truncate symbol names
# (excluding version info) to 22 chars, similarly to readelf.
if symbol['st_name'] == 0:
symsec = self.elffile.get_section(symbol['st_shndx'])
symbol_name = symsec.name
version = ''
else:
symbol_name = symbol.name
version = self._symbol_version(rel['r_info_sym'])
version = (version['name']
if version and version['name'] else '')
symbol_name = '%.22s' % symbol_name
if version:
symbol_name += '@' + version
self._emit(' %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(
symbol['st_value'],
fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
symbol_name))
if section.is_RELA():
self._emit(' %s %x' % (
'+' if rel['r_addend'] >= 0 else '-',
abs(rel['r_addend'])))
self._emitline()
if not has_relocation_sections:
self._emitline('\nThere are no relocations in this file.')
def display_version_info(self):
""" Display the version info contained in the file
"""
self._init_versioninfo()
if not self._versioninfo['type']:
self._emitline("\nNo version information found in this file.")
return
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if isinstance(section, GNUVerSymSection):
self._print_version_section_header(
section, 'Version symbols', lead0x=False)
num_symbols = section.num_symbols()
# Symbol version info are printed four by four entries
for idx_by_4 in range(0, num_symbols, 4):
self._emit(' %03x:' % idx_by_4)
for idx in range(idx_by_4, min(idx_by_4 + 4, num_symbols)):
symbol_version = self._symbol_version(idx)
if symbol_version['index'] == 'VER_NDX_LOCAL':
version_index = 0
version_name = '(*local*)'
elif symbol_version['index'] == 'VER_NDX_GLOBAL':
version_index = 1
version_name = '(*global*)'
else:
version_index = symbol_version['index']
version_name = '(%(name)s)' % symbol_version
visibility = 'h' if symbol_version['hidden'] else ' '
self._emit('%4x%s%-13s' % (
version_index, visibility, version_name))
self._emitline()
elif isinstance(section, GNUVerDefSection):
self._print_version_section_header(
section, 'Version definition', indent=2)
offset = 0
for verdef, verdaux_iter in section.iter_versions():
verdaux = next(verdaux_iter)
name = verdaux.name
if verdef['vd_flags']:
flags = describe_ver_flags(verdef['vd_flags'])
# Mimic exactly the readelf output
flags += ' '
else:
flags = 'none'
self._emitline(' %s: Rev: %i Flags: %s Index: %i'
' Cnt: %i Name: %s' % (
self._format_hex(offset, fieldsize=6,
alternate=True),
verdef['vd_version'], flags, verdef['vd_ndx'],
verdef['vd_cnt'], name))
verdaux_offset = (
offset + verdef['vd_aux'] + verdaux['vda_next'])
for idx, verdaux in enumerate(verdaux_iter, start=1):
self._emitline(' %s: Parent %i: %s' %
(self._format_hex(verdaux_offset, fieldsize=4),
idx, verdaux.name))
verdaux_offset += verdaux['vda_next']
offset += verdef['vd_next']
elif isinstance(section, GNUVerNeedSection):
self._print_version_section_header(section, 'Version needs')
offset = 0
for verneed, verneed_iter in section.iter_versions():
self._emitline(' %s: Version: %i File: %s Cnt: %i' % (
self._format_hex(offset, fieldsize=6,
alternate=True),
verneed['vn_version'], verneed.name,
verneed['vn_cnt']))
vernaux_offset = offset + verneed['vn_aux']
for idx, vernaux in enumerate(verneed_iter, start=1):
if vernaux['vna_flags']:
flags = describe_ver_flags(vernaux['vna_flags'])
# Mimic exactly the readelf output
flags += ' '
else:
flags = 'none'
self._emitline(
' %s: Name: %s Flags: %s Version: %i' % (
self._format_hex(vernaux_offset, fieldsize=4),
vernaux.name, flags,
vernaux['vna_other']))
vernaux_offset += vernaux['vna_next']
offset += verneed['vn_next']
def display_arch_specific(self):
""" Display the architecture-specific info contained in the file.
"""
if self.elffile['e_machine'] == 'EM_ARM':
self._display_arch_specific_arm()
def display_hex_dump(self, section_spec):
""" Display a hex dump of a section. section_spec is either a section
number or a name.
"""
section = self._section_from_spec(section_spec)
if section is None:
# readelf prints the warning to stderr. Even though stderrs are not compared
# in tests, we comply with that behavior.
sys.stderr.write('readelf: Warning: Section \'%s\' was not dumped because it does not exist!\n' % (
section_spec))
return
if section['sh_type'] == 'SHT_NOBITS':
self._emitline("\nSection '%s' has no data to dump." % (
section_spec))
return
self._emitline("\nHex dump of section '%s':" % section.name)
self._note_relocs_for_section(section)
addr = section['sh_addr']
data = section.data()
dataptr = 0
while dataptr < len(data):
bytesleft = len(data) - dataptr
# chunks of 16 bytes per line
linebytes = 16 if bytesleft > 16 else bytesleft
self._emit(' %s ' % self._format_hex(addr, fieldsize=8))
for i in range(16):
if i < linebytes:
self._emit('%2.2x' % byte2int(data[dataptr + i]))
else:
self._emit(' ')
if i % 4 == 3:
self._emit(' ')
for i in range(linebytes):
c = data[dataptr + i : dataptr + i + 1]
if byte2int(c[0]) >= 32 and byte2int(c[0]) < 0x7f:
self._emit(bytes2str(c))
else:
self._emit(bytes2str(b'.'))
self._emitline()
addr += linebytes
dataptr += linebytes
self._emitline()
def display_string_dump(self, section_spec):
""" Display a strings dump of a section. section_spec is either a
section number or a name.
"""
section = self._section_from_spec(section_spec)
if section is None:
# readelf prints the warning to stderr. Even though stderrs are not compared
# in tests, we comply with that behavior.
sys.stderr.write('readelf.py: Warning: Section \'%s\' was not dumped because it does not exist!\n' % (
section_spec))
return
if section['sh_type'] == 'SHT_NOBITS':
self._emitline("\nSection '%s' has no data to dump." % (
section_spec))
return
self._emitline("\nString dump of section '%s':" % section.name)
found = False
data = section.data()
dataptr = 0
while dataptr < len(data):
while ( dataptr < len(data) and
not (32 <= byte2int(data[dataptr]) <= 127)):
dataptr += 1
if dataptr >= len(data):
break
endptr = dataptr
while endptr < len(data) and byte2int(data[endptr]) != 0:
endptr += 1
found = True
self._emitline(' [%6x] %s' % (
dataptr, bytes2str(data[dataptr:endptr])))
dataptr = endptr
if not found:
self._emitline(' No strings found in this section.')
else:
self._emitline()
def display_debug_dump(self, dump_what):
""" Dump a DWARF section
"""
self._init_dwarfinfo()
if self._dwarfinfo is None:
return
set_global_machine_arch(self.elffile.get_machine_arch())
if dump_what == 'info':
self._dump_debug_info()
elif dump_what == 'decodedline':
self._dump_debug_line_programs()
elif dump_what == 'frames':
self._dump_debug_frames()
elif dump_what == 'frames-interp':
self._dump_debug_frames_interp()
elif dump_what == 'aranges':
self._dump_debug_aranges()
elif dump_what in { 'pubtypes', 'pubnames' }:
self._dump_debug_namelut(dump_what)
else:
self._emitline('debug dump not yet supported for "%s"' % dump_what)
def _format_hex(self, addr, fieldsize=None, fullhex=False, lead0x=True,
alternate=False):
""" Format an address into a hexadecimal string.
fieldsize:
Size of the hexadecimal field (with leading zeros to fit the
address into. For example with fieldsize=8, the format will
be %08x
If None, the minimal required field size will be used.
fullhex:
If True, override fieldsize to set it to the maximal size
needed for the elfclass
lead0x:
If True, leading 0x is added
alternate:
If True, override lead0x to emulate the alternate
hexadecimal form specified in format string with the #
character: only non-zero values are prefixed with 0x.
This form is used by readelf.
"""
if alternate:
if addr == 0:
lead0x = False
else:
lead0x = True
fieldsize -= 2
s = '0x' if lead0x else ''
if fullhex:
fieldsize = 8 if self.elffile.elfclass == 32 else 16
if fieldsize is None:
field = '%x'
else:
field = '%' + '0%sx' % fieldsize
return s + field % addr
def _print_version_section_header(self, version_section, name, lead0x=True,
indent=1):
""" Print a section header of one version related section (versym,
verneed or verdef) with some options to accomodate readelf
little differences between each header (e.g. indentation
and 0x prefixing).
"""
if hasattr(version_section, 'num_versions'):
num_entries = version_section.num_versions()
else:
num_entries = version_section.num_symbols()
self._emitline("\n%s section '%s' contains %s entries:" %
(name, version_section.name, num_entries))
self._emitline('%sAddr: %s Offset: %s Link: %i (%s)' % (
' ' * indent,
self._format_hex(
version_section['sh_addr'], fieldsize=16, lead0x=lead0x),
self._format_hex(
version_section['sh_offset'], fieldsize=6, lead0x=True),
version_section['sh_link'],
self.elffile.get_section(version_section['sh_link']).name
)
)
def _init_versioninfo(self):
""" Search and initialize informations about version related sections
and the kind of versioning used (GNU or Solaris).
"""
if self._versioninfo is not None:
return
self._versioninfo = {'versym': None, 'verdef': None,
'verneed': None, 'type': None}
for section in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if isinstance(section, GNUVerSymSection):
self._versioninfo['versym'] = section
elif isinstance(section, GNUVerDefSection):
self._versioninfo['verdef'] = section
elif isinstance(section, GNUVerNeedSection):
self._versioninfo['verneed'] = section
elif isinstance(section, DynamicSection):
for tag in section.iter_tags():
if tag['d_tag'] == 'DT_VERSYM':
self._versioninfo['type'] = 'GNU'
break
if not self._versioninfo['type'] and (
self._versioninfo['verneed'] or self._versioninfo['verdef']):
self._versioninfo['type'] = 'Solaris'
def _symbol_version(self, nsym):
""" Return a dict containing information on the
or None if no version information is available
"""
self._init_versioninfo()
symbol_version = dict.fromkeys(('index', 'name', 'filename', 'hidden'))
if (not self._versioninfo['versym'] or
nsym >= self._versioninfo['versym'].num_symbols()):
return None
symbol = self._versioninfo['versym'].get_symbol(nsym)
index = symbol.entry['ndx']
if not index in ('VER_NDX_LOCAL', 'VER_NDX_GLOBAL'):
index = int(index)
if self._versioninfo['type'] == 'GNU':
# In GNU versioning mode, the highest bit is used to
# store wether the symbol is hidden or not
if index & 0x8000:
index &= ~0x8000
symbol_version['hidden'] = True
if (self._versioninfo['verdef'] and
index <= self._versioninfo['verdef'].num_versions()):
_, verdaux_iter = \
self._versioninfo['verdef'].get_version(index)
symbol_version['name'] = next(verdaux_iter).name
else:
verneed, vernaux = \
self._versioninfo['verneed'].get_version(index)
symbol_version['name'] = vernaux.name
symbol_version['filename'] = verneed.name
symbol_version['index'] = index
return symbol_version
def _section_from_spec(self, spec):
""" Retrieve a section given a "spec" (either number or name).
Return None if no such section exists in the file.
"""
try:
num = int(spec)
if num < self.elffile.num_sections():
return self.elffile.get_section(num)
else:
return None
except ValueError:
# Not a number. Must be a name then
return self.elffile.get_section_by_name(spec)
def _note_relocs_for_section(self, section):
""" If there are relocation sections pointing to the givne section,
emit a note about it.
"""
for relsec in self.elffile.iter_sections():
if isinstance(relsec, RelocationSection):
info_idx = relsec['sh_info']
if self.elffile.get_section(info_idx) == section:
self._emitline(' Note: This section has relocations against it, but these have NOT been applied to this dump.')
return
def _init_dwarfinfo(self):
""" Initialize the DWARF info contained in the file and assign it to
self._dwarfinfo.
Leave self._dwarfinfo at None if no DWARF info was found in the file
"""
if self._dwarfinfo is not None:
return
if self.elffile.has_dwarf_info():
self._dwarfinfo = self.elffile.get_dwarf_info()
else:
self._dwarfinfo = None
def _dump_debug_info(self):
""" Dump the debugging info section.
"""
if not self._dwarfinfo.has_debug_info:
return
self._emitline('Contents of the %s section:\n' % self._dwarfinfo.debug_info_sec.name)
# Offset of the .debug_info section in the stream
section_offset = self._dwarfinfo.debug_info_sec.global_offset
for cu in self._dwarfinfo.iter_CUs():
self._emitline(' Compilation Unit @ offset %s:' %
self._format_hex(cu.cu_offset))
self._emitline(' Length: %s (%s)' % (
self._format_hex(cu['unit_length']),
'%s-bit' % cu.dwarf_format()))
self._emitline(' Version: %s' % cu['version']),
self._emitline(' Abbrev Offset: %s' % (
self._format_hex(cu['debug_abbrev_offset']))),
self._emitline(' Pointer Size: %s' % cu['address_size'])
# The nesting depth of each DIE within the tree of DIEs must be
# displayed. To implement this, a counter is incremented each time
# the current DIE has children, and decremented when a null die is
# encountered. Due to the way the DIE tree is serialized, this will
# correctly reflect the nesting depth
#
die_depth = 0
for die in cu.iter_DIEs():
self._emitline(' <%s><%x>: Abbrev Number: %s%s' % (
die_depth,
die.offset,
die.abbrev_code,
(' (%s)' % die.tag) if not die.is_null() else ''))
if die.is_null():
die_depth -= 1
continue
for attr in itervalues(die.attributes):
name = attr.name
# Unknown attribute values are passed-through as integers
if isinstance(name, int):
name = 'Unknown AT value: %x' % name
self._emitline(' <%x> %-18s: %s' % (
attr.offset,
name,
describe_attr_value(
attr, die, section_offset)))
if die.has_children:
die_depth += 1
self._emitline()
def _dump_debug_line_programs(self):
""" Dump the (decoded) line programs from .debug_line
The programs are dumped in the order of the CUs they belong to.
"""
if not self._dwarfinfo.has_debug_info:
return
self._emitline('Decoded dump of debug contents of section %s:\n' % self._dwarfinfo.debug_line_sec.name)
for cu in self._dwarfinfo.iter_CUs():
lineprogram = self._dwarfinfo.line_program_for_CU(cu)
cu_filename = bytes2str(lineprogram['file_entry'][0].name)
if len(lineprogram['include_directory']) > 0:
dir_index = lineprogram['file_entry'][0].dir_index
if dir_index > 0:
dir = lineprogram['include_directory'][dir_index - 1]
else:
dir = b'.'
cu_filename = '%s/%s' % (bytes2str(dir), cu_filename)
self._emitline('CU: %s:' % cu_filename)
self._emitline('File name Line number Starting address')
# Print each state's file, line and address information. For some
# instructions other output is needed to be compatible with
# readelf.
for entry in lineprogram.get_entries():
state = entry.state
if state is None:
# Special handling for commands that don't set a new state
if entry.command == DW_LNS_set_file:
file_entry = lineprogram['file_entry'][entry.args[0] - 1]
if file_entry.dir_index == 0:
# current directory
self._emitline('\n./%s:[++]' % (
bytes2str(file_entry.name)))
else:
self._emitline('\n%s/%s:' % (
bytes2str(lineprogram['include_directory'][file_entry.dir_index - 1]),
bytes2str(file_entry.name)))
elif entry.command == DW_LNE_define_file:
self._emitline('%s:' % (
bytes2str(lineprogram['include_directory'][entry.args[0].dir_index])))
elif not state.end_sequence:
# readelf doesn't print the state after end_sequence
# instructions. I think it's a bug but to be compatible
# I don't print them too.
if lineprogram['version'] < 4:
self._emitline('%-35s %11d %18s' % (
bytes2str(lineprogram['file_entry'][state.file - 1].name),
state.line,
'0' if state.address == 0 else
self._format_hex(state.address)))
else:
self._emitline('%-35s %11d %18s[%d]' % (
bytes2str(lineprogram['file_entry'][state.file - 1].name),
state.line,
'0' if state.address == 0 else
self._format_hex(state.address),
state.op_index))
if entry.command == DW_LNS_copy:
# Another readelf oddity...
self._emitline()
def _dump_frames_info(self, section, cfi_entries):
""" Dump the raw call frame info in a section.
`section` is the Section instance that contains the call frame info
while `cfi_entries` must be an iterable that yields the sequence of
CIE or FDE instances.
"""
self._emitline('Contents of the %s section:' % section.name)
for entry in cfi_entries:
if isinstance(entry, CIE):
self._emitline('\n%08x %s %s CIE' % (
entry.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['length'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry['CIE_id'], fieldsize=8, lead0x=False)))
self._emitline(' Version: %d' % entry['version'])
self._emitline(' Augmentation: "%s"' % bytes2str(entry['augmentation']))
self._emitline(' Code alignment factor: %u' % entry['code_alignment_factor'])
self._emitline(' Data alignment factor: %d' % entry['data_alignment_factor'])
self._emitline(' Return address column: %d' % entry['return_address_register'])
if entry.augmentation_bytes:
self._emitline(' Augmentation data: {}'.format(' '.join(
'{:02x}'.format(ord(b))
for b in iterbytes(entry.augmentation_bytes)
)))
self._emitline()
elif isinstance(entry, FDE):
self._emitline('\n%08x %s %s FDE cie=%08x pc=%s..%s' % (
entry.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['length'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry['CIE_pointer'], fieldsize=8, lead0x=False),
entry.cie.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['initial_location'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(
entry['initial_location'] + entry['address_range'],
fullhex=True, lead0x=False)))
if entry.augmentation_bytes:
self._emitline(' Augmentation data: {}'.format(' '.join(
'{:02x}'.format(ord(b))
for b in iterbytes(entry.augmentation_bytes)
)))
else: # ZERO terminator
assert isinstance(entry, ZERO)
self._emitline('\n%08x ZERO terminator' % entry.offset)
continue
self._emit(describe_CFI_instructions(entry))
self._emitline()
def _dump_debug_frames(self):
""" Dump the raw frame info from .debug_frame and .eh_frame sections.
"""
if self._dwarfinfo.has_EH_CFI():
self._dump_frames_info(
self._dwarfinfo.eh_frame_sec,
self._dwarfinfo.EH_CFI_entries())
self._emitline()
if self._dwarfinfo.has_CFI():
self._dump_frames_info(
self._dwarfinfo.debug_frame_sec,
self._dwarfinfo.CFI_entries())
def _dump_debug_namelut(self, what):
"""
Dump the debug pubnames section.
"""
if what == 'pubnames':
namelut = self._dwarfinfo.get_pubnames()
section = self._dwarfinfo.debug_pubnames_sec
else:
namelut = self._dwarfinfo.get_pubtypes()
section = self._dwarfinfo.debug_pubtypes_sec
# readelf prints nothing if the section is not present.
if namelut is None or len(namelut) == 0:
return
self._emitline('Contents of the %s section:' % section.name)
self._emitline()
cu_headers = namelut.get_cu_headers()
# go over CU-by-CU first and item-by-item next.
for (cu_hdr, (cu_ofs, items)) in izip(cu_headers, itertools.groupby(
namelut.items(), key = lambda x: x[1].cu_ofs)):
self._emitline(' Length: %d' % cu_hdr.unit_length)
self._emitline(' Version: %d' % cu_hdr.version)
self._emitline(' Offset into .debug_info section: 0x%x' % cu_hdr.debug_info_offset)
self._emitline(' Size of area in .debug_info section: %d' % cu_hdr.debug_info_length)
self._emitline()
self._emitline(' Offset Name')
for item in items:
self._emitline(' %x %s' % (item[1].die_ofs - cu_ofs, item[0]))
self._emitline()
def _dump_debug_aranges(self):
""" Dump the aranges table
"""
aranges_table = self._dwarfinfo.get_aranges()
if aranges_table == None:
return
# seems redundent, but we need to get the unsorted set of entries to match system readelf
unordered_entries = aranges_table._get_entries()
if len(unordered_entries) == 0:
self._emitline()
self._emitline("Section '.debug_aranges' has no debugging data.")
return
self._emitline('Contents of the %s section:' % self._dwarfinfo.debug_aranges_sec.name)
self._emitline()
prev_offset = None
for entry in unordered_entries:
if prev_offset != entry.info_offset:
if entry != unordered_entries[0]:
self._emitline(' %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(0, fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(0, fullhex=True, lead0x=False)))
self._emitline(' Length: %d' % (entry.unit_length))
self._emitline(' Version: %d' % (entry.version))
self._emitline(' Offset into .debug_info: 0x%x' % (entry.info_offset))
self._emitline(' Pointer Size: %d' % (entry.address_size))
self._emitline(' Segment Size: %d' % (entry.segment_size))
self._emitline()
self._emitline(' Address Length')
self._emitline(' %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(entry.begin_addr, fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry.length, fullhex=True, lead0x=False)))
prev_offset = entry.info_offset
self._emitline(' %s %s' % (
self._format_hex(0, fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(0, fullhex=True, lead0x=False)))
def _dump_frames_interp_info(self, section, cfi_entries):
""" Dump interpreted (decoded) frame information in a section.
`section` is the Section instance that contains the call frame info
while `cfi_entries` must be an iterable that yields the sequence of
CIE or FDE instances.
"""
self._emitline('Contents of the %s section:' % section.name)
for entry in cfi_entries:
if isinstance(entry, CIE):
self._emitline('\n%08x %s %s CIE "%s" cf=%d df=%d ra=%d' % (
entry.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['length'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry['CIE_id'], fieldsize=8, lead0x=False),
bytes2str(entry['augmentation']),
entry['code_alignment_factor'],
entry['data_alignment_factor'],
entry['return_address_register']))
ra_regnum = entry['return_address_register']
elif isinstance(entry, FDE):
self._emitline('\n%08x %s %s FDE cie=%08x pc=%s..%s' % (
entry.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['length'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry['CIE_pointer'], fieldsize=8, lead0x=False),
entry.cie.offset,
self._format_hex(entry['initial_location'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False),
self._format_hex(entry['initial_location'] + entry['address_range'],
fullhex=True, lead0x=False)))
ra_regnum = entry.cie['return_address_register']
# If the FDE brings adds no unwinding information compared to
# its CIE, omit its table.
if (len(entry.get_decoded().table) ==
len(entry.cie.get_decoded().table)):
continue
else: # ZERO terminator
assert isinstance(entry, ZERO)
self._emitline('\n%08x ZERO terminator' % entry.offset)
continue
# Decode the table.
decoded_table = entry.get_decoded()
if len(decoded_table.table) == 0:
continue
# Print the heading row for the decoded table
self._emit(' LOC')
self._emit(' ' if entry.structs.address_size == 4 else ' ')
self._emit(' CFA ')
# Look at the registers the decoded table describes.
# We build reg_order here to match readelf's order. In particular,
# registers are sorted by their number, and the register matching
# ra_regnum is always listed last with a special heading.
decoded_table = entry.get_decoded()
reg_order = sorted(ifilter(
lambda r: r != ra_regnum,
decoded_table.reg_order))
if len(decoded_table.reg_order):
# Headings for the registers
for regnum in reg_order:
self._emit('%-6s' % describe_reg_name(regnum))
self._emitline('ra ')
# Now include ra_regnum in reg_order to print its values
# similarly to the other registers.
reg_order.append(ra_regnum)
else:
self._emitline()
for line in decoded_table.table:
self._emit(self._format_hex(
line['pc'], fullhex=True, lead0x=False))
if line['cfa'] is not None:
s = describe_CFI_CFA_rule(line['cfa'])
else:
s = 'u'
self._emit(' %-9s' % s)
for regnum in reg_order:
if regnum in line:
s = describe_CFI_register_rule(line[regnum])
else:
s = 'u'
self._emit('%-6s' % s)
self._emitline()
self._emitline()
def _dump_debug_frames_interp(self):
""" Dump the interpreted (decoded) frame information from .debug_frame
and .eh_framae sections.
"""
if self._dwarfinfo.has_EH_CFI():
self._dump_frames_interp_info(
self._dwarfinfo.eh_frame_sec,
self._dwarfinfo.EH_CFI_entries())
self._emitline()
if self._dwarfinfo.has_CFI():
self._dump_frames_interp_info(
self._dwarfinfo.debug_frame_sec,
self._dwarfinfo.CFI_entries())
def _display_arch_specific_arm(self):
""" Display the ARM architecture-specific info contained in the file.
"""
attr_sec = self.elffile.get_section_by_name('.ARM.attributes')
for s in attr_sec.iter_subsections():
self._emitline("Attribute Section: %s" % s.header['vendor_name'])
for ss in s.iter_subsubsections():
h_val = "" if ss.header.extra is None else " ".join("%d" % x for x in ss.header.extra)
self._emitline(describe_attr_tag_arm(ss.header.tag, h_val, None))
for attr in ss.iter_attributes():
self._emit(' ')
self._emitline(describe_attr_tag_arm(attr.tag,
attr.value,
attr.extra))
def _emit(self, s=''):
""" Emit an object to output
"""
self.output.write(str(s))
def _emitline(self, s=''):
""" Emit an object to output, followed by a newline
"""
self.output.write(str(s).rstrip() + '\n')
SCRIPT_DESCRIPTION = 'Display information about the contents of ELF format files'
VERSION_STRING = '%%(prog)s: based on pyelftools %s' % __version__
def main(stream=None):
# parse the command-line arguments and invoke ReadElf
argparser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
usage='usage: %(prog)s [options] <elf-file>',
description=SCRIPT_DESCRIPTION,
add_help=False, # -h is a real option of readelf
prog='readelf.py')
argparser.add_argument('file',
nargs='?', default=None,
help='ELF file to parse')
argparser.add_argument('-v', '--version',
action='version', version=VERSION_STRING)
argparser.add_argument('-d', '--dynamic',
action='store_true', dest='show_dynamic_tags',
help='Display the dynamic section')
argparser.add_argument('-H', '--help',
action='store_true', dest='help',
help='Display this information')
argparser.add_argument('-h', '--file-header',
action='store_true', dest='show_file_header',
help='Display the ELF file header')
argparser.add_argument('-l', '--program-headers', '--segments',
action='store_true', dest='show_program_header',
help='Display the program headers')
argparser.add_argument('-S', '--section-headers', '--sections',
action='store_true', dest='show_section_header',
help="Display the sections' headers")
argparser.add_argument('-e', '--headers',
action='store_true', dest='show_all_headers',
help='Equivalent to: -h -l -S')
argparser.add_argument('-s', '--symbols', '--syms',
action='store_true', dest='show_symbols',
help='Display the symbol table')
argparser.add_argument('-n', '--notes',
action='store_true', dest='show_notes',
help='Display the core notes (if present)')
argparser.add_argument('-r', '--relocs',
action='store_true', dest='show_relocs',
help='Display the relocations (if present)')
argparser.add_argument('-x', '--hex-dump',
action='store', dest='show_hex_dump', metavar='<number|name>',
help='Dump the contents of section <number|name> as bytes')
argparser.add_argument('-p', '--string-dump',
action='store', dest='show_string_dump', metavar='<number|name>',
help='Dump the contents of section <number|name> as strings')
argparser.add_argument('-V', '--version-info',
action='store_true', dest='show_version_info',
help='Display the version sections (if present)')
argparser.add_argument('-A', '--arch-specific',
action='store_true', dest='show_arch_specific',
help='Display the architecture-specific information (if present)')
argparser.add_argument('--debug-dump',
action='store', dest='debug_dump_what', metavar='<what>',
help=(
'Display the contents of DWARF debug sections. <what> can ' +
'one of {info,decodedline,frames,frames-interp}'))
args = argparser.parse_args()
if args.help or not args.file:
argparser.print_help()
sys.exit(0)
if args.show_all_headers:
do_file_header = do_section_header = do_program_header = True
else:
do_file_header = args.show_file_header
do_section_header = args.show_section_header
do_program_header = args.show_program_header
with open(args.file, 'rb') as file:
try:
readelf = ReadElf(file, stream or sys.stdout)
if do_file_header:
readelf.display_file_header()
if do_section_header:
readelf.display_section_headers(
show_heading=not do_file_header)
if do_program_header:
readelf.display_program_headers(
show_heading=not do_file_header)
if args.show_dynamic_tags:
readelf.display_dynamic_tags()
if args.show_symbols:
readelf.display_symbol_tables()
if args.show_notes:
readelf.display_notes()
if args.show_relocs:
readelf.display_relocations()
if args.show_version_info:
readelf.display_version_info()
if args.show_arch_specific:
readelf.display_arch_specific()
if args.show_hex_dump:
readelf.display_hex_dump(args.show_hex_dump)
if args.show_string_dump:
readelf.display_string_dump(args.show_string_dump)
if args.debug_dump_what:
readelf.display_debug_dump(args.debug_dump_what)
except ELFError as ex:
sys.stderr.write('ELF error: %s\n' % ex)
sys.exit(1)
def profile_main():
# Run 'main' redirecting its output to readelfout.txt
# Saves profiling information in readelf.profile
PROFFILE = 'readelf.profile'
import cProfile
cProfile.run('main(open("readelfout.txt", "w"))', PROFFILE)
# Dig in some profiling stats
import pstats
p = pstats.Stats(PROFFILE)
p.sort_stats('cumulative').print_stats(25)
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
#profile_main()